INTRODUCTION 3
Chapter I: PROBLEMS OF EQUIVALENCE 5
1.1 Historical Background 5
1.2 Typologies of Equivalence 6
Chapter II: THE PROBLEM OF NON-EQUIVALENCE 10
2.1 Non - Equivalence at Word Level 10
2.2 Strategies to solve problems of non-equivalence 11
2.2.1 Transcription and transliteration 12
2.2.2 Borrowing 14
2.2.3 The Calque 15
2.2.4 Transposition 17
2.2.5 Reduction and expansion 18
CONCLUSION 20
BIBLIOGRAPHY 22