INTRODUCTION 3
1. STYLE AS A SPECIFIC PROBLEM OF LITERARY AND INFORMATIVE TRANSLATION 5
1.1 Basic notion regarding style 5
1.2 Classification of Functional styles 8
2. INFORMATIVE TRANSLATION AND ITS PECULIARITIES 12
2.1 Main types of translation 12
2.2 Differences of informative translation from literary one 14
2.3 Peculiarities of informative text translation 19
CONCLUSION 26
List of Literature 28

Introduction 3
Chapter 1. Social and cultural aspects of speech etiquette 5
1.1 Cultural aspect 5
1.2 Language etiquette 9
Chapter 2. Peculiarities of English speech etiquette 14
2.1 Greetings formulas 14
2.2 Forms of address 16
2.3 Farewell address 19
2.4 Formulas used during telephone conversation 22
2.5 Request, agreement and permission formulas 28
Conclusion 33
List of Literature 35
Appendix 1 Greetings 38
Appendix 2 Forms of address 39

INTRODUCTION 3
Chapter 1 “FALSE FRIENDS” AS ONE OF THE MAIN PROBLEMS OF THE TRANSLATION THEORY 5
1.1 General notion regarding “false friends of translator” 5
1.2 "False friends" and their relation to metaphor, metonymy and polysemy 11
Chapter 2 PECULIARITIES OF TRANSLATION OF “FALSE FRIENDS” 14
2.1 The role of dictionaries in translation "false friends" 14
2.2 Methods of “false friends” translation 16
CONCLUSION 26
BIBLIOGRAPHY 28
Appendix 1 31

INTRODUCTION 3
Chapter I THE FORMATION OF ENGLISH 5
1.1The history of the formation of English 5
1.2 Borrowings in Old English vocabulary 10
Chapter II ANALYSIS OF OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY 16
2.1 The sources of vocabulary 16
2.2 Analyze of verbs in Old English 17
2.3 Complex analysis of semantic basis of Old English nouns 19
2.4 Old English compounds 23
BIBLIOGRAPHY 28

INTRODUCTION 3
1. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WORD AS THE BASIC UNIT OF LANGUAGE 5
1.1 The definition of the word 5
1.2 Phonetic, Morphological And Semantic Motivation Of Words 8
2. GENERAL PROBLEMS OF WORD THEORY 12
2.1 The problem of polysemy of English words (on the basis of technical terms) 12
2.3 The problem of neology 15
CONCLUSION 23
REFERENCES 25
Appendix 27

INTRODUCTION 3
Chapter I: PROBLEMS OF EQUIVALENCE 5
1.1 Historical Background 5
1.2 Typologies of Equivalence 6
Chapter II: THE PROBLEM OF NON-EQUIVALENCE 10
2.1 Non - Equivalence at Word Level 10
2.2 Strategies to solve problems of non-equivalence 11
2.2.1 Transcription and transliteration 12
2.2.2 Borrowing 14
2.2.3 The Calque 15
2.2.4 Transposition 17
2.2.5 Reduction and expansion 18
CONCLUSION 20
BIBLIOGRAPHY 22

INTRODUCTION 3
Chapter I: TRANSLATION AS A TOOL OF CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION 5
1.1 Translation as Cross-Cultural Communication Agent 5
1.2 The notion of culture in literary translation 9
Chapter II: THE PROBLEM OF TRANSLATION ENGLISH LITERARY TEXTS 12
2.1 The role of national coloring in the translation 12
2.2 Grammatical transformations 15
2.2.1 Transposition 16
2.2.2 Replacements 17
2.2.3 Meaning extension or sense development 18
2.2.4 Sentence integration and fragmentation 20
2.3 Lexical transformations 21
2.3.1 Concretization 22
2.3.2 Generalization 23
2.3.3 Addition 23
2.3.4 Omission 24
2.3.5 Compensation 26
CONCLUSION 28
BIBLIOGRAPHY 30

INTRODUCTION 3
I THEORETICAL BASIS OF CONCEPT 4
1.1 The notion of the concept 4
1.2 The structure of the concept 6
1.3 Methodology of describing the concept 8
II ANALYSIS OF CONCEPT OF “WOMAN” IN ENGLISH PROVERBS 10
2.1 Images of woman in English proverbs 10
2.2 Structure of the concept of “woman” in English proverbs 11
2.3 Description of the concept of “woman” in schemes 20
CONCLUSION 22
REFERENCES 24

INTRODUCTION 3
1. THE NOTION OF CONCEPT IN PRESEN DAY LINGUISTICS 4
1.1 The nature of the concept 4
1.2 Different approaches to the theory of concept 9
1.3 Structural organization of linguistic concept 14
2. ENGLISH PROVERBS EXPOSING THE CONCEPT OF FRIENDSHIP 17
2.1 General notion regarding proverb 17
2.1 Semantic status of “friendship” concept 21
2.2 Semantic structure of «friendship» concept in English paramiology 24
CONCLUSION 27
REFERENCES 29

INTRODUCTION 3
Chapter I ENGLISH AND ITS HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT IN OLD ENGLISH AND MIDDLE ENGLISH PERIOD 4
1.1 Historical background of origin of English in Old English and Middle English 4
1.2 Borrowings in Old English and Middle English 17
Chapter II ANALYSIS OF BORROWINGS FROM THE SCANDINAVIAN AND FRENCH LANGUAGES 22
2.1 Analysis of borrowings from the Scandinavian language in Old English and Middle English 22
2.2 Analysis of borrowings from the French language in Middle English 25
CONCLUSION 29
REFERENCES 31