INTRODUCTION 4
Chapter I THEORY OF WAYS AND STRATEGIES OF TRANSLATION 6
1.1 Ways of translation 6
1.2 Strategies of translation 11
Chapter II ANALYSIS OF WAYS AND STRATEGIES OF TRANSLATION 20
2.1 Translation Equivalence and Methods of Its Approaching 20
2.2 Machine Translation Quality 23
BIBLIOGRAPHY 31

INTRODUCTION 3
Chapter I GENERAL NOTION REGARDING TYPES OF WRITTEN TRANSLATION 4
1.1 Main types of translating activity: Translation and Interpreting 4
1.2 Literary translation as a type of written translation 4
1.3 Basic notion about informative translation 7
Chapter II PECULIARITIES OF TYPES AND SUB-TYPES OF WRITTEN TRANSLATION 12
2.1 Types of literary translation 12
2.1.1 Translation of poetry 12
2.1.2 Peculiarities of fiction text translation 15
2.1.3 Drama and it’s translation 17
2.2 Informative translation and it’s types 18
2.2.1 Scientific and technical texts translation 18
2.2.2 Peculiarities of newspaper materials translation 21
2.2.3 Official documents translation 26
CONCLUSION 31
BIBLIOGRAPHY 34

Introduction 3
1 Content and Peculiarities of the Juridical Texts 4
1.1 Characteristics of Juridical Texts in English Language 4
1.2 Peculiarities of Juridical Translation 8
2 Analysis of Translation of Legal Texts 15
2.1 Peculiarities of Translation of Juridical Terms 15
2.2 Analysis of Translation of Juridical Text 19
Bibliography 29
Appendix A

INTRΟDUCTIΟN 3
1. THE HISTΟRY ΟF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 5
1.1. Status οf the English language priοr tο Nοrman Cοnquest 5
1.1.1 Influence οf οther languages 5
1.1.1.1 Latin influence 6
1.1.1.2 Nοrse influence 7
1.1.1.3 Celtic influence 7
1.2 Nοrman Cοnquest and the Middle English (ME) 7
2. INFLUENCE ΟF NΟRMAN INVASIΟN ΟN TΟ THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 12
2.1 Grammatical changes 12
2.2 Phοnοlοgical prοcesses during ME 14
2.3 Lexical influence οf Nοrmans 15
2.4 Analysis оf A Middle English Text 19
CΟNCLUSIΟN 23
REFERENCES 25
Appendix А 27
Appendix B 31
Appendix C 37
Appendix D 38
Appendix E 39
Appendix F 40

Introduction. 3

1 Characteristics of English Word Order 5

1.1 English Word Order Development 5

1.2 The Structure of The Sentence. 6

1.3 Parts of the Sentence. 11

2 The Problem of the Word Order Change. 16

2.1 Problem of Inversion in Word Order 16

2.2 Transposition and Substitution of the Translation of A.Miln’s Book “Winnie-the-Pooh”. 23

2.3 Translation of Sandra Brown “Long Time Coming”. 25

Conclusion. 30

Bibliography 32

Introduction 3
Part 1. General information about linguistic metaphor and linguistic metonymy 5
1.1 The concept of linguistic metaphor, its functions and features 5
1.1.1 Historical Overview 5
1.1.2 Metaphors Reloaded 7
1.2 The notion of linguistic metonymy, its characteristics 12
1.2.1 Definition and examples of metonymy 12
1.2.2 Non-conventional metonyms 15
1.2.3 Conventional metonyms 15
1.2.4. Metaphorical metonyms 17
1.3 The distinction of linguistic metaphor and metonymy 20
Conclusion to the 1st part 22
Part 2. The analysis of linguistic metaphors and metonymies in the works by Charlotte Brontë and Charles Dickens. 23
2.1 Linguistic metaphors and metonymies in the work by Charlotte Brontё “Jane Eyre” 23
2.2 Linguistic metaphors and metonymies in the work by Charles Dickens “Great Expectations” 25
2.3 Comparative analysis of linguistic metaphors and metonymies in the works of Charlotte Brontё and Charles Dickens 33
Conclusion to the 2nd part 35

INTRODUCTION 3
Chapter I INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM 5
1.1Terrorism. General information 5
1.2 International terroristic and extremist organizations 11
1.3 Global experience on prevention terrorism 17
Chapter II USA FIGHT AGAINST TERRORISM 21
2.1 Fight system against terrorism in the U.S. 21
2.2 The fight against terrorism: the modern American experience 25
CONCLUSION 31
BIBLIOGRAPHY 33

Introduction 3
1 Notion and Characteristic of Articles 5
1.1 Definition of Articles 5
1.2 The Problem of Articles Usage in English 13
1.3 Definitiveness and Indefinitiveness 17
2 Development of articles in English 21
2.2 Articles in Old English 21
2.3 Middle English and Modern English Articles 23
2.3 Basic Usage of the Indefinite Article and the Definite Article 26
Conclusion 31
Bibliography 32
Appendices 33

INTRODUCTION 3
Chapter I: THEORY OF TRANSLATION AS LINGUISTIC SCIENCE 5
1.1 General notion about theory of translation 5
1.2 Translation and linguistics 8
1.3 Translation procedures, strategies and methods from different points of view 9
1.4 Procedures of translating culture-specific concepts (CSCs) 11
1.5 Strategies of translating allusions 13
Chapter II: TRANSLATION STRATEGIES 15
2.1 Grammatical transformations 16
2.1.1 Transposition 17
2.1.2 Replacements 18
2.2 Lexical transformations 19
2.2.1 Concretization 21
2.2.2 Generalization 21
2.2.3 Addition 22
2.2.4 Omission 23
2.2.5 Meaning extension or sense development 24
2.2.6 Antonymic translation 25
2.2.7 Sentence integration and fragmentation 26
2.2.8 Compensation 27
BIBLIOGRAPHY 31

INTRODUCTION 3
Chapter I HISTORY OF ENGLISH AND ITS DEVELOPMENT IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES 5
1.1 A short history of the origins and development of English 5
1.1.1 History of English 5
1.1.2 Development of English in different countries 7
1.2 Grammatical, lexical and stylistic differences between English in the USA and Britain 11
1.2.1 Problems of translation of Standard English and American English 11
1.2.2 Grammatical differences between English in the USA and Britain 17
1.2.3 American and British English Lexical Differences 18
1.2.4 Stylistic Differences American and British English 23
Chapter II COMPARATIVE ANALYZE OF AMERICAN VARIANT AND BRITISH VARIANT BASED ON “HARRY POTTER” BOOK WRITTEN BY J.K. ROWLING 25
2.1 Comparative lexical analyze of Harry Potter "Philosopher's Stone" 25
2.2 Comparative grammatical analyze of Harry Potter "Philosopher's Stone" 32
CONCLUSION 33
BIBLIOGRAPHY 34