INTRODUCTRION 4
1 ENGLISH MODAL VERBS 6
1.1 Types and Characteristics of Modal Verbs 6
1.2 Difficulties of Using English Modal Verbs 14
2. PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATING ENGLISH MODAL VERBS 20
2.1 Translating of the Meaning of Modal Verbs 20
2.2 Problems of Translation Modal Verbs 23
CONCLUSION 41
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX 1

INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………. 3
Chapter I GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT HOMONYMS…………… 5
1.1 Concept of homonymy……………………………………………………. 5
1.2 Classification of homonyms……………………………………………… 6
1.3 Problems of homonymy…………………………………………………... 8
1.4 Diachronic approach to homonyms………………………………………. 13
Chapter II ANALYSIS OF HOMONYMS…………………………………… 14
2.1 Practical approach in studying homonyms……………………………….. 14
2.2 Polysemy and homonymy: etymological and semantic criteria 18
2.3 Homonyms in the book of Lewis Carroll “Alice in Wonderland” ………… 22
CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………. 27
BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………….. 29

INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………. 3
1 TRANSLATION IS A MEANS OF INTERLINGUAL COMMUNICATION……5
1.1 History, Definition and Types of Translation…………………………………….. 5
1.2 What Makes Translation Possible……………………………………………….10
2 PROBLEM OF TRANSLATING IN THE MODERN WORLD………………… 18
2.1 Translation Problems in Modern Kazakh Society………………………………. 18
2.2 Problems of Computing Translation……………………………………………. 26
2.3 Difficulties in translating promotional text……………………………………... 31
CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………... 37
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX

INTRODUCTION 3

CHAPTER 1. THE CONCEPT OF PRAGMATICS IN THE TRANSLATION PROCESS 5
1.1. Characteristics of the Translation Process 5
1.2. Definition and Role of Pragmatics in Translation 8
1.3. Speech Acts as a Part of Pragmatics 11

CHAPTER 2. THE INFLUENCE OF PRAGMATICS ON THE TRANSLATION 14
2.1. Communicative Aims of the Author and the Receptor 14
2.2. Pragmatics Functions in Translation 18
2.3. Pragmatic Translation of Equivalent Lacking Words 30

CONCLUSION 32
BIBLIOGRAPHY 34
APPENDIX 35

Introduction 3
1.1 Types of Meaning 6
1.2 Approaches to Studying Polysemy 8
1.3. Polysemy and Context 13
2. Objective Characteristics of Polysemy 18
2.1 Homophony versus Polysemy 18
2.2 Analysis of Meaning and Context 22
2.3 Metaphorical Extension of the Lexemes 27
Conclusion 31
Bibliography 34
Appendix 35

INTRODUCTION 3
CHAPTER I. POLYSEMY 5
1.1 The meaning of polysemy 5
1.2 Polysemy and Context 9
1.3 Types of semantic changes 12
1.3.1 Transference Based on Resemblance (Similarity) 14
1.3.2 Transference Based on Contiguity 15
1.3.3 Broadening (or Generalization) of Meaning. Narrowing (or Specialization) of Meaning 17
CHAPTER II POLYSEMY AND HOMONYMY. 20
2.1 The definition of homonyms. 20
2.2 The difference between homonyms and polysemantic words 21
CHAPTER III. SYSTEMATIC POLYSEMY. 24
3.1 The phenomenon of systematic polysemy 24
3.2 Against individuation: the view from lexicology 27
3.3 The view from lexicography 31
CONCLUSION 36
BIBLIOGRAPHY 37

INTRODUCTION 3
1. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 5
1.1 The English vocabulary as a system 5
1.2 Stylistic classification of English vocabulary 10
1.3 General notion about terminological systems 13
2. USE OF SPECIAL TERMINOLOGY IN DIFFERENT PROFFESSIONAL SPHERES 18
2.1Peculiarities of scientific and technical terminology 18
2.2 The role of terminology in official documents (economic, legal and etc.) 21
2.3 Use of medical terms 27
CONCLUSION 32
REFERENCES 35

Introduction 3
1 History and main characteristics of the English phonetics 6
1.1 History of phonology in the New English period 6
1.2 Characteristics of Modern English Period 11
2 Analysis of phonetic system peculiarities of the New English period 14
2.1 Intonation and Word Stress in the New English period 14
2.2 New English Vowels 15
2.3 New English Consonants 21
Conclusion 29
Bibliography 31

INTRODUCTION 3
I. TESTING IN TEACHING PROCESS 5
1.1 Aim of testing and evaluating of pupils’ activity 5
1.2 Background of testing as a form of control 7
II. EVALUATING PUPIL’S ACTIVITY 12
2.1 Checking answers 12
2.2 Checking understanding 14
2.3 Error correction in language teaching 17
2.4 The cloze test and gap-filling tests 18
2.5 Advantages and disadvantages of testing in the English classroom 20
CONCLUSION 23
BIBLIOGRAPHY: 26

INTRODUCTION 3
Chapter 1 FEATURES OF POETIC TRANSLATION 5
1.1 What is poetry 5
1.2 Criteria of poetic translation 9
Chapter 2 POETRY TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES 11
2.1 Methods of poetry translation 11
2.2 Losses and gains as main issue of poetic translation 17
CONCLUSION 20
BIBLIOGRAPHY 22
Appendix 1 23