INTRODUCTION 3
Chapter I INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM 5
1.1Terrorism. General information 5
1.2 International terroristic and extremist organizations 11
1.3 Global experience on prevention terrorism 17
Chapter II USA FIGHT AGAINST TERRORISM 21
2.1 Fight system against terrorism in the U.S. 21
2.2 The fight against terrorism: the modern American experience 25
CONCLUSION 31
BIBLIOGRAPHY 33

Introduction 3
1 Notion and Characteristic of Articles 5
1.1 Definition of Articles 5
1.2 The Problem of Articles Usage in English 13
1.3 Definitiveness and Indefinitiveness 17
2 Development of articles in English 21
2.2 Articles in Old English 21
2.3 Middle English and Modern English Articles 23
2.3 Basic Usage of the Indefinite Article and the Definite Article 26
Conclusion 31
Bibliography 32
Appendices 33

Introduction 3
1 Notion and Characteristic of Articles 5
1.1 Definition of Articles 5
1.2 The Problem of Articles Usage in English 13
1.3 Definitiveness and Indefinitiveness 17
2 Development of articles in English 21
2.1 History of English Language 21
2.2 Articles in Old English 25
2.3 Middle English and Modern English Articles 27
Conclusion 31
Bibliography 32

INTRODUCTION 4

1. THE ROLE Of CRITICISM IN TRANSLATION 7
1.1. The Types and Meaning of Translation 7
1.2. Criteria for the Evaluation of Translation 9
1.3. Characteristics of Assessment in Translation 13

2. CRITICISM AND ASSESSMENT OF THE TEXT 17
2.1. Norms of Translation 17
2.2. Quality Control of the Translation. 19
2.3. Evaluation of Literary Text 21

CONCLUSION 28
BIBLIOGRAPHY 30
APPENDIX 31

Іntrοductіοn 2

1. Analysіs οf class mοbіlіty 4
1.1 Hіstοry οf develοpment sοcіal mοbіlіty іn UK 4

2. Class mοbіlіty 6
2.1 Presentatіοn οf class mοbіlіty, Table οf develοpment 6
2.2 Relatіve mοbіlіty rates 9

Cοnclusіοn 9

References 11

INTRODUCTION 3
Chapter I: THEORY OF TRANSLATION AS LINGUISTIC SCIENCE 5
1.1 General notion about theory of translation 5
1.2 Translation and linguistics 8
1.3 Translation procedures, strategies and methods from different points of view 9
1.4 Procedures of translating culture-specific concepts (CSCs) 11
1.5 Strategies of translating allusions 13
Chapter II: TRANSLATION STRATEGIES 15
2.1 Grammatical transformations 16
2.1.1 Transposition 17
2.1.2 Replacements 18
2.2 Lexical transformations 19
2.2.1 Concretization 21
2.2.2 Generalization 21
2.2.3 Addition 22
2.2.4 Omission 23
2.2.5 Meaning extension or sense development 24
2.2.6 Antonymic translation 25
2.2.7 Sentence integration and fragmentation 26
2.2.8 Compensation 27
BIBLIOGRAPHY 31

INTRODUCTION 3
Chapter I HISTORY OF ENGLISH AND ITS DEVELOPMENT IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES 5
1.1 A short history of the origins and development of English 5
1.1.1 History of English 5
1.1.2 Development of English in different countries 7
1.2 Grammatical, lexical and stylistic differences between English in the USA and Britain 11
1.2.1 Problems of translation of Standard English and American English 11
1.2.2 Grammatical differences between English in the USA and Britain 17
1.2.3 American and British English Lexical Differences 18
1.2.4 Stylistic Differences American and British English 23
Chapter II COMPARATIVE ANALYZE OF AMERICAN VARIANT AND BRITISH VARIANT BASED ON “HARRY POTTER” BOOK WRITTEN BY J.K. ROWLING 25
2.1 Comparative lexical analyze of Harry Potter "Philosopher's Stone" 25
2.2 Comparative grammatical analyze of Harry Potter "Philosopher's Stone" 32
CONCLUSION 33
BIBLIOGRAPHY 34

Introduction 3
1 Characteristic and Main Features of Grammatical Metaphors in English 5
1.1 The Notion and Content of Grammatical Metaphor 5
1.2 Classification of Grammatical Metaphor 10
1.3 Nominalisation as a Feature of Grammatical Metaphor 12
1.4 Ideational and Interpersonal Grammatical Metaphor 14
2 Analysis of Grammar Metaphor in English language 17
2 Analysis of Grammar Metaphor in English language 18
2.1 Analysis of Grammatical Metaphor Usage 18
2.2 Translation of Metaphors in Novel by S. Maugham (“Theatre”) 20
2.3 Metaphor Examples from Literature 24
Conclusion 28
Bibliography 30

INTRODUCTION 3
Chapter I ORIGIN OF MIDDLE ENGLISH 5
1.1 Inheritance and borrowing 5
1.2 Word formation 9
Chapter II ANALYZE OF SCANDINAVIAN AND FRENCH INFLUENCE ON THE VOCABULARY IN MIDDLE ENGLISH 22
2.1 Analyze of Scandinavian influence on the vocabulary in Middle English and its connection with modern changes in the language 22
2.2 Analyze of French influence on the vocabulary in Middle English and its connection with modern changes in the language 26
CONCLUSION 33
BIBLIOGRAPHY 35

INTRODUCTION 4

CHAPTER 1. PSYCHOLINGUISTICS IS A COGNITIVE LINGUISTIC 6
1.2. Main Types of Translation 8
1.3. Characteristics and Theories of Psycholinguistics 14

CHAPTER 2. PSYCHOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION 17
2.1. Oral Translation, Types and Examples 17
2.1. Written Translation, Types and Examples 20
2.3. Differences between Oral and Written Translation 25

CONCLUSION 27
BIBLIOGRAPHY 29
APPENDIX 31