Introduction 4
Chapter 1. Characteristics and Problems of English Proverbs and sayings 7
Characteristics and Background of Proverbs and sayings 7
1.2. Translated Proverbs 11
1.3. Problems in the Use of Proverbs 12
Chapter 2. Logical Problems in Translating of Proverbs and Sayings 16
2.1. Proverbs and Sayings with Proper Names 16
2.2. Analysis of Proverbs Translation from English into Russian 19
Conclusion 28
Bibliography 30

Intrοduᴄtiοn 4
1. Genre. Stylistiᴄ features “Newspaper review” 6
1.1 Genre and it’s ᴄlassifiᴄatiοn 6
1.2 Οn the apprοaᴄhes of translatiοn used in Newspaper Style 8
2 Headlines in Newspaper style its translatiοn and ᴄharaᴄteristiᴄs 12
2.1 Classifiᴄatiοn and struᴄture of the headlines 12
2.2 Pragmatiᴄ funᴄtiοns of review headlines 17
Cοnᴄlusiοn 20
Biƅliοgraphy 22

INTRODUCTION 3
I THE CONCEPT OF SLOGANS 5
1.1 Definitions of advertising slogans 5
1.2 Phonological aspect 10
1.3 Classifications and functions of slogans 12
II THE LINGUISTIC PECULIARITIES OF TRADEMARK SLOGANS IN ENGLISH 14
2.1. Semantic aspect 14
2.2 Syntactic aspect 17
2.3 The linguistic means and peculiarities of their functioning in the advertising text. Slogan as an instrument for shaping the emotional image 22
CONCLUSION 42
BIBLIOGRAPHY 44
Appendix 1 46
Appendix 2 47
Appendix 3 48

1. THEORETICAL ASPECT OF METAPHOR 5
1.1 The definition of metaphor 5
1.2 Classification of metaphor 8
1.3 The way of creating new words due to metaphor 13
2. ANALYSIS OF USING METAPHOR AS A SOURCE OF SYNONYMY 20
2.1 Types of metaphor used for synonyms creation 20
2.2 Peculiarities of using metaphor in different functional styles 24
2.3 Metaphor as a source of synonymy in belles- lettres style 31
CONCLUSION 35
REFERENCES 37

INTRODUCTION 3
CHAPTER I THEORETICAL BASIS OF TRANSLATION TRANSFORMATIONS 5
1.1 Concept of translation transformation 5
1.2 Lexical transformation. 7
1.2.1 Differentiation and concretization 13
1.2.2 Generalization 14
1.2.3. Compensation 14
1.2.4 Semantic development 16
1.2.5. Addition 19
1.2.6. Omission 20
CHAPTER II APPLICATION OF LEXICAL TRANSFORMATIOM IN POLITICAL TEXTS 21
2.1 Concretization 21
2.2 Generalization 21
2.3 Addition 22
2.4 Omission 24
2.5 Semantic development 25
2.6 Antonymic translation 25
2.7 Compensation 26
BIBLIOGRAPHY 29
APPENDIX 30

INTRODUCTION 3
Chapter I THE BRIEF SURVEY OF HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 5
1.2 Short survey of English origin 5
1.2 Development of regional variants 16
Chapter II COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL PECULIARITIES OF AMARICAN, CANADIAN, AUSTRALIAN AND INDIAN VARIANTS OF ENGLISH 18
2.1 Standard variety of English language 18
2.2 Analysis of lexical peculiarities of American, Canadian, Australian and Indian variants of English 20
CONCLUSION 30
REFERENCES 32

Introduction 3
Chapter 1 Theoretical particularities of Interbank Credit Market 4
1.1 Concept of Interbank Credit Market 4
1.2 Tasks and role of Interbank Credit Market 6
Chapter 2 Present state of interbank credit markets 14
2.1 Analysis of state of interbank credit markets in Russian Federation 14
2.2 Questions and tendentions of lending interbank market development 19
Conclusion 23
Bibliography 24

INTRODUCTION 3
1. STYLE AS A SPECIFIC PROBLEM OF LITERARY AND INFORMATIVE TRANSLATION 5
1.1 Basic notion regarding style 5
1.2 Classification of Functional styles 8
2. INFORMATIVE TRANSLATION AND ITS PECULIARITIES 12
2.1 Main types of translation 12
2.2 Differences of informative translation from literary one 14
2.3 Peculiarities of informative text translation 19
CONCLUSION 26
List of Literature 28

INTRODUCTION 4

1. THE NOTION OF TRANSFORMATIONAL GRAMMAR 6
1.1. Translation Theory: Object and Objectives 6
1.2. History of Transformational Grammar Development 9
1.3. The Main Types of Grammatical Transformations 11

2. GRAMMATICAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN TRANSLATION 17
2.1.Equivalent and Equivalent-Lacking Forms and Structures 17

CONCLUSION 30
BIBLIOGRAPHY 32
APPENDIX 34

Introduction 3
Chapter 1. Social and cultural aspects of speech etiquette 5
1.1 Cultural aspect 5
1.2 Language etiquette 9
Chapter 2. Peculiarities of English speech etiquette 14
2.1 Greetings formulas 14
2.2 Forms of address 16
2.3 Farewell address 19
2.4 Formulas used during telephone conversation 22
2.5 Request, agreement and permission formulas 28
Conclusion 33
List of Literature 35
Appendix 1 Greetings 38
Appendix 2 Forms of address 39