Introduction 3
Chapter 1. Social and cultural aspects of speech etiquette 5
1.1 Cultural aspect 5
1.2 Language etiquette 9
Chapter 2. Peculiarities of English speech etiquette 14
2.1 Greetings formulas 14
2.2 Forms of address 16
2.3 Farewell address 19
2.4 Formulas used during telephone conversation 22
2.5 Request, agreement and permission formulas 28
Conclusion 33
List of Literature 35
Appendix 1 Greetings 38
Appendix 2 Forms of address 39

INTRODUCTION 4
CHAPTER 1. TRANSLATION AND ITS STYLES 7
1.1. TRANSLATION AS A SPECIFIC KIND OF HUMAN ACTIVITY 7
1.2. LEXICAL TRANSFORMATIONS 9
1.3. LITERAL AND NON-LITERAL STYLES OF TRANSLATION 11
CHAPTER 2. FORMAL AND INFORMAL TRANSLATION FROM ENGLISH TO RUSSIAN 16
2.1. TRANSLATION OF POLITICAL LITERATURE AND NEWSPAPER STYLE 16
2.2. TRANSLATION OF INFORMAL LEXICON 24
CONCLUSION 30
BIBLIOGRAPHY 33

INTRODUCTION 3
Chapter 1 “FALSE FRIENDS” AS ONE OF THE MAIN PROBLEMS OF THE TRANSLATION THEORY 5
1.1 General notion regarding “false friends of translator” 5
1.2 "False friends" and their relation to metaphor, metonymy and polysemy 11
Chapter 2 PECULIARITIES OF TRANSLATION OF “FALSE FRIENDS” 14
2.1 The role of dictionaries in translation "false friends" 14
2.2 Methods of “false friends” translation 16
CONCLUSION 26
BIBLIOGRAPHY 28
Appendix 1 31

Introduction 3

1 Main Features of English Nouns 6
1.1 Morphological Characteristics of Nouns 6
1.2 Syntactical Characteristics of Nouns 6
1.3 Semantical Characteristics of Nouns 7
1.4 Characteristics of nouns due the way of their composition 10

2 Evolution of gender of nouns 12
2.1 Development and historical view of nouns - gender 12
2.2 Modern view of gender and its forming 17
2.3 Masculine Feminine gender 23
2.4 Common, Neuter gender 26

Conclusion 31
Bibliography 33
Appendix 35

INTRODUCTION 3
Chapter I: PROBLEMS OF EQUIVALENCE 5
1.1 Historical Background 5
1.2 Typologies of Equivalence 6
Chapter II: THE PROBLEM OF NON-EQUIVALENCE 10
2.1 Non - Equivalence at Word Level 10
2.2 Strategies to solve problems of non-equivalence 11
2.2.1 Transcription and transliteration 12
2.2.2 Borrowing 14
2.2.3 The Calque 15
2.2.4 Transposition 17
2.2.5 Reduction and expansion 18
CONCLUSION 20
BIBLIOGRAPHY 22

INTRODUCTION 3
Chapter I: TRANSLATION AS A TOOL OF CROSS-CULTURAL COMMUNICATION 5
1.1 Translation as Cross-Cultural Communication Agent 5
1.2 The notion of culture in literary translation 9
Chapter II: THE PROBLEM OF TRANSLATION ENGLISH LITERARY TEXTS 12
2.1 The role of national coloring in the translation 12
2.2 Grammatical transformations 15
2.2.1 Transposition 16
2.2.2 Replacements 17
2.2.3 Meaning extension or sense development 18
2.2.4 Sentence integration and fragmentation 20
2.3 Lexical transformations 21
2.3.1 Concretization 22
2.3.2 Generalization 23
2.3.3 Addition 23
2.3.4 Omission 24
2.3.5 Compensation 26
CONCLUSION 28
BIBLIOGRAPHY 30

INTRODUCTION 3
I THEORETICAL BASIS OF CONCEPT 4
1.1 The notion of the concept 4
1.2 The structure of the concept 6
1.3 Methodology of describing the concept 8
II ANALYSIS OF CONCEPT OF “WOMAN” IN ENGLISH PROVERBS 10
2.1 Images of woman in English proverbs 10
2.2 Structure of the concept of “woman” in English proverbs 11
2.3 Description of the concept of “woman” in schemes 20
CONCLUSION 22
REFERENCES 24

INTRODUCTION 3
1. THE NOTION OF CONCEPT IN PRESEN DAY LINGUISTICS 4
1.1 The nature of the concept 4
1.2 Different approaches to the theory of concept 9
1.3 Structural organization of linguistic concept 14
2. ENGLISH PROVERBS EXPOSING THE CONCEPT OF FRIENDSHIP 17
2.1 General notion regarding proverb 17
2.1 Semantic status of “friendship” concept 21
2.2 Semantic structure of «friendship» concept in English paramiology 24
CONCLUSION 27
REFERENCES 29

Introduction 3
CHAPTER I Historical factors 5
1.1 Historical origin 5
1.2 Latin-derived spellings 8
1.2.1 -our, -or 8
1.2.2 -re, -er 10
1.2.3 -ce, -se 12
1.2.4 -xion, -ction 12
1.3 Greek spellings 13
1.3.1 -ise, -ize (-isation, -ization) 13
1.3.2 -yse, -yze 13
1.3.3 -ogue, -og 14
1.3.4 Simplification of ae and oe 14
CHAPTER II Other differences 15
2.1 Compounds and hyphens 15
2.2 Doubled consonants 16
2.2.1 Doubled in British English. 16
2.2.2 Doubled in American English 17
2.3 Dropped e 18
2.4 Different spellings, different connotations 19
2.5 Acronyms and abbreviations 21
2.6 Punctuation 22
Conclusion 23
Bibliography 24

Introduction 3-6
1 Main features of English nouns 6 - 6
1.1 Morphological characteristics of nouns 6 - 10
1.2 Syntactical characteristics of nouns 10 – 12
1.3 Semantical characteristics of nouns 12 - 15
1.4 Characteristics of nouns due the way of their composition 12 - 15
2 Evolution of gender of nouns 17 - 17
2.1 Development and historical view of nouns - gender 17 - 21
2.2 Modern view of gender and its forming 21 - 26
2.3 Masculine, Feminine gender 26 - 28
2.4 Common, Neuter gender 28 - 33
Conclusion 33 - 35
Bibliography 35 - 37
Appendix A: Formation of compound nouns 37 - 37